Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology and genetically
encoded FRET biosensors provide a powerful tool for visualizing signaling molecules in live …

Two-photon excitation of fluorescent proteins is an attractive approach for imaging living
systems. Today researchers are eager to know which proteins are the brightest and what the …

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has provided a
myriad of applications for biological systems. Over the last several years, mutagenesis …

The expression of genes is regulated at many levels. Perhaps the area in which least is
known is how nuclear organization influences gene expression. Studies of higher-order …

In the first quarter of the twentieth century, one of the most significant events in physics and
chemistry was the establishment of the quantum theories of radiation, matter, and their …

Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is based on the detection of single photons
of a periodic light signal, measurement of the detection time of the photons, and the build-up …

Photoinduced reactions play an important role in the photocycle of fluorescent proteins from
the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. Among such processes are photoisomerization …

In the last 10 years green fluorescent protein (GFP) has changed from a nearly unknown
protein to a commonly used tool in molecular biology, medicine, and cell biology. GFP is …

Introduction Class I cytokines regulate key processes such as growth, lactation,
hematopoiesis, and immune function and contribute to oncogenesis. Although the …

The p21 Rho-family of small GTPases are master regulators of actin cytoskeleton
rearrangements. Their functions have been well characterized in terms of their effects toward …