Although the GABAergic benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs (zolpidem, zopiclone, and
zaleplon) are FDA-approved for insomnia disorders with a strong evidence base, they have …

Background Hip fractures in the older person lead to an increased risk of mortality, poorer
quality of life and increased morbidity. Benzodiazepine (BNZ) use is associated with …

Background Although originally marketed as safe alternatives to the habit-forming
benzodiazepines, growing numbers of zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclone (“Z-drugs”) clinical …

Insomnia accounts for more than 5.5 million visits to family physicians each year. Although
behavioral interventions are the mainstay of treatment, pharmacologic therapy may be …

The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to result from impaired
connectivity between key brain networks. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the key …

Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder that can profoundly impact a person's health and
wellbeing. Herbal medicine represents one of the most frequently used complementary and …

Insomnia is present in up to one third of the adult population worldwide, and it can present
independently or with other medical conditions such as mental, metabolic, or cardiovascular …

The first hypnotic barbiturate, barbital, was introduced into clinical practice in 1903, followed
by phenobarbital in 1912. 1 In subsequent years, multiple barbiturates were synthesized …

Despite their improved pharmacokinetic profile, the Z-drugs, zolpidem, zopiclone, and
zaleplon, have a spectrum of adverse effects comparable to benzodiazepines. This review …

Impaired upper airway anatomy is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
However, there are other important non-anatomical contributors or “endotypes” including …