New research has shown that the development of osteoarthritis (OA) is regulated by different
mechanisms of cell death and types of cytokines. Therefore, elucidating the mechanism of …

The process of bone remodeling is the result of the regulated balance between bone cell
populations, namely bone-forming osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and the …

Abstract R-loops are RNA–DNA-hybrid-containing nucleic acids with important cellular
roles. Deregulation of R-loop dynamics can lead to DNA damage and genome instability …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that triggers the
expression of inflammatory molecules, including other cytokines and cell adhesion …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-
ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 provide deep and durable …

Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of
people worldwide. Inevitably, the interruption of cerebral blood supply after ischemia may …

Macrophages stand in the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens but are also
involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To fulfill their functions macrophages …

Carbon nanotubes are a large family of carbon-based hollow cylindrical structures with
unique physicochemical properties that have motivated research for diverse applications; …

Enzymatic reactions and noncovalent (ie, supramolecular) interactions are two fundamental
nongenetic attributes of life. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) refers to a process …

Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are key participants in the innate
immune response for their ability to execute different effector functions. These cells express …