Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical
secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However …

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by excessive accumulation of
extracellular matrix (ECM) and remodeling of the lung architecture. Idiopathic pulmonary …

Alveolar type 2 progenitor cells (AT2) seem closest to clinical translation, specifying the
evidence that AT2 may satisfactorily control the immune response to decrease lung injury by …

Tissue injury evokes highly conserved, tightly regulated inflammatory responses and less
well-understood host repair responses. Both inflammation and repair involve the …

Rationale: Ineffective repair of a damaged alveolar epithelium has been postulated to cause
pulmonary fibrosis. In support of this theory, epithelial cell abnormalities, including …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the progressive and ultimately fatal
accumulation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix in the lung that distorts its architecture …

Fibrogenesis is a mechanism of wound healing and repair. However, prolonged injury
causes deregulation of normal processes and results in extensive deposition of extracellular …

Apoptosis associated with liver disease is increas-ingly viewed as a nexus through which
many key pathways converge. Apoptotic responses incorporate soluble stimuli, inflammatory …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a highly prevalent, complex disease, usually
caused by cigarette smoke. It causes serious morbidity and mortality and costs the global …