Since its discovery in 1975, TNFα has been a subject of intense study as it plays significant
roles in both immunity and cancer. Such attention is well deserved as TNFα is unique in its …

Poxviruses have evolved a wide array of mechanisms to evade the immune response, and
we provide an overview of the different immunomodulatory strategies. Poxviruses prevent …

Over the past decades, there have been tremendous efforts to understand the cross-talk
between viruses and host metabolism. Several studies have elucidated the mechanisms …

Vascular endothelial cell growth factor, a mitogen selective for vascular endothelial cells in
vitro that promotes angiogenesis in vivo, functions through distinct membrane-spanning …

▪ Abstract Apoptosis, a physiological process for killing cells, is critical for the normal
development and function of multicellular organisms. Abnormalities in cell death control can …

Summary Herpesvirus Saimiri gene 13 (HVS13) exhibits 57% identity with the predicted
sequence of a T cell-derlved molecule termed CTLAI. Recombinant HVS13 and CTLA8 …

The morphogenesis and remodeling of bone depends on the integrated activity of
osteoblasts that form bone and osteoclasts that resorb bone. We previously reported the …

Poxviruses as a group can infect a large number of animals. However, at the level of
individual viruses, even closely related poxviruses display highly diverse host ranges and …

CD40 is an integral membrane protein found on the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic
cells, follicular dendritic cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, epithelial cells, and …

▪ Abstract Successful viral replication requires not only the efficient production and spread of
progeny, but also evasion of host defense mechanisms that limit replication by killing …