Microglia are activated after neuronal injury and in neurodegenerative diseases, and trigger
neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia-derived …

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is highly prevalent in humans and can reach the brain
without evident clinical symptoms. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), the virus can …

There is increasing evidence that astrocytes play important roles in immune regulation in the
brain. Astrocytes express toll‐like receptors (TLR) and build up responses to innate immune …

The innate immunity is a stereotyped first line of defense against pathogens and unspecified
damage signals. One of main actors of innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) …

There is a greater prevalence of neuroinflammatory diseases in females than males.
Microglia, the major immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system, play a key role in …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease
of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which …

Interferons (IFNs) are implicated as an important component of the innate immune system
influencing viral infections, inflammation, and immune surveillance. We review here the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors of pathogen-associated molecules that trigger
inflammatory signalling in innate immune cells including macrophages. All TLRs, with the …

The immune system is essential for host defense against pathogen infections; however
dysregulated immune response may lead to inflammatory or autoimmune diseases …

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep is a hallmark of sleep apnea, causing significant
neuronal apoptosis, and cognitive and behavioral deficits in CNS regions underlying …