Atmospheric gravity waves have been a subject of intense research activity in recent years
because of their myriad effects and their major contributions to atmospheric circulation …

An overview of the parametrization of gravity‐wave drag in numerical‐weather prediction
and climate simulation models is presented. The focus is primarily on understanding the …

We describe the HadGEM2 family of climate configurations of the Met Office Unified Model,
MetUM. The concept of a model" family" comprises a range of specific model configurations …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

For the first time, a formal comparison is made between gravity wave momentum fluxes in
models and those derived from observations. Although gravity waves occur over a wide …

The interannual variability of the stratospheric winter polar vortex is correlated with the
phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) of tropical stratospheric winds. This dynamical …

We examine the internal climate variability of a 1000 year long integration of the third
version of the Hadley Centre coupled model (HadCM3). The model requires no flux …

Temperature data obtained by the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the
Atmosphere (CRISTA) are analyzed for gravity waves (GWs). Amplitude, phase and vertical …

Extreme variability of the winter‐and spring‐time stratospheric polar vortex has been shown
to affect extratropical tropospheric weather. Therefore, reducing stratospheric forecast error …

Over recent years there have been concomitant advances in the development of
stratosphere-resolving numerical models, our understanding of stratosphere–troposphere …