Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are the key antigen sampling and adaptive immune
inductive sites within the intestinal wall. Human GALT includes the multi-follicular Peyer's …

The gut and the liver are characterized by mutual interactions between both organs, the
microbiome, diet and other environmental factors. The sum of these interactions is …

The immune system has coevolved with extensive microbial communities living on barrier
sites that are collectively known as the microbiota. It is increasingly clear that microbial …

The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological
memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and …

Humoral immune responses at mucosal surfaces have historically focused on IgA. Growing
evidence highlights the complexity of IgA-inducing pathways and the functional impact of IgA …

Various immune mechanisms are deployed in the mucosa to confront the immense diversity
of resident bacteria. A substantial fraction of the commensal microbiota is coated with …

Memory B cells persist for a lifetime and rapidly differentiate into antibody-producing
plasmablasts and plasma cells upon antigen re-encounter. The clonal relationship and …

Host–microbiota mutualism has been established during long‐term co‐evolution. A diverse
and rich gut microbiota plays an essential role in the development and maturation of the host …

Memory B cells (MBCs) protect the body from recurring infections. MBCs differ from their
naive counterparts (NBCs) in many ways, but functional and surface marker differences are …

Paradoxically, loss of immunoglobulin A (IgA), one of the most abundant antibodies, does
not irrevocably lead to severe infections in humans but rather is associated with relatively …