The urban boundary layer (UBL) is the part of the atmosphere in which most of the planet's
population now lives, and is one of the most complex and least understood microclimates …

Atmospheric boundary-layer dynamics over heterogeneous surfaces is significant to a wide
array of geophysical and engineering applications. Yet, despite over five decades of intense …

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon represents a major public health issue and has
received great attention due to rapid urbanisation. Blue spaces have long been considered …

Outdoor urban ventilation in a real complex urban area is investigated by introducing a new
ventilation indicator–the “air delay”. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are …

This study conducted large-eddy simulations (LES) of fully developed turbulent flow within
and above explicitly resolved buildings in Tokyo and Nagoya, Japan. The more than 100 …

With rapid development in computer hardware and numerical algorithms, computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are widely utilized to study the wind field and pollutant …

In the last two decades substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the
scientific basis of urban climates. These are reviewed here with attention to sustainability of …

Summary The Basel UrBan Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE) was a year-long
experimental effort to investigate in detail the boundary layer structure in the City of Basel …

Variations in urban surface characteristics are known to alter the local climate through
modification of land surface processes that influence the surface energy balance and …

Many benthic organisms form very rough surfaces on the seafloor that can be described as
submerged canopies. Recent evidence has shown that, compared with a unidirectional …