Conceptual review on number theoretic transform and comprehensive review on its implementations

A Satriawan, I Syafalni, R Mareta, I Anshori… - IEEE …, 2023 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is a powerful mathematical tool that has become
increasingly important in developing Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Homomorphic …

KaLi: A crystal for post-quantum security using Kyber and Dilithium

A Aikata, AC Mert, M Imran… - IEEE Transactions on …, 2022 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Quantum computers pose a threat to the security of communications over the internet. This
imminent risk has led to the standardization of cryptographic schemes for protection in a post …

Hardware Circuits and Systems Design for Post-Quantum Cryptography–A Tutorial Brief

J Xie, W Zhao, H Lee, DB Roy… - IEEE Transactions on …, 2024 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Due to the increasing threats from possible large-scale quantum computers, post-quantum
cryptography (PQC) has drawn significant attention from various communities recently. In …

Lightweight hardware accelerator for post-quantum digital signature crystals-dilithium

N Gupta, A Jati, A Chattopadhyay… - IEEE Transactions on …, 2023 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
The looming threat of an adversary with quantum computing capability led to a worldwide
research effort towards identifying and standardizing novel post-quantum cryptographic …

Post-quantum signatures on RISC-V with hardware acceleration

P Karl, J Schupp, T Fritzmann, G Sigl - ACM Transactions on Embedded …, 2024 - dl.acm.org
CRYSTALS-Dilithium and Falcon are digital signature algorithms based on cryptographic
lattices, which are considered secure even if large-scale quantum computers will be able to …

Scalable and parallel optimization of the number theoretic transform based on FPGA

B Li, Y Yan, Y Wei, H Han - IEEE Transactions on Very Large …, 2023 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
In lattice-based postquantum cryptography (PQC), polynomial multiplication is complex and
time-consuming, which affects the overall computational efficiency. In addition, the …

A unified cryptoprocessor for lattice-based signature and key-exchange

A Aikata, AC Mert, D Jacquemin, A Das… - IEEE Transactions …, 2022 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
We propose design methodologies for building a compact, unified and programmable
cryptoprocessor architecture that computes post-quantum key agreement and digital …

Parallel small polynomial multiplication for dilithium: A faster design and implementation

J Zheng, F He, S Shen, C Xue, Y Zhao - Proceedings of the 38th Annual …, 2022 - dl.acm.org
The lattice-based signature scheme CRYSTALS-Dilithium is one of the two signature
finalists in the third round NIST post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization project …

Hardware accelerators for digital signature algorithms dilithium and falcon

L Beckwith, DT Nguyen, K Gaj - IEEE Design & Test, 2023 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Digital signature algorithms are the foundation of many secure communication protocols,
including those used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. While the current generation of …

Breaking and protecting the crystal: Side-channel analysis of dilithium in hardware

H Steffen, G Land, L Kogelheide, T Güneysu - International Conference on …, 2023 - Springer
The lattice-based CRYSTALS-Dilithium signature scheme has been selected for
standardization by the NIST. As part of the selection process, a large number of …