Epistasis, or interactions between genes, has long been recognized as fundamentally
important to understanding the structure and function of genetic pathways and the …

▪ Abstract Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits results from the segregation of alleles at
multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects that are sensitive to the genetic, sexual, and …

Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are environmental influences on the phenotype of one
individual that are due to the expression of genes in a different, conspecific, individual …

Until recently, it was impracticable to identify the genes that are responsible for variation in
continuous traits, or to directly observe the effects of their different alleles. Now, the …

After nearly 10 years of intense academic and commercial research effort, large genome-
wide association studies for common complex diseases are now imminent. Although these …

A new methodology based on mixed linear models was developed for mapping QTLs with
digenic epistasis and QTL× environment (QE) interactions. Reliable estimates of QTL main …

The joint analysis of genotype marker segregation and phenotypic values of individuals or
lines enables the detection and location of loci affecting quantitative traits (QTL). The …

Habitat fragmentation is one of the most ubiquitous and serious environmental threats
confronting the long-term survival of plant and animal species worldwide. As species …

▪ Abstract Variation in the subtle differences between right and left sides of bilateral
characters, or fluctuating asymmetry (FA), has long been considered to be primarily …

The study of variation and heredity, in our ignorance of the causation of those phenomena,
must be built of statistical data, as Mendel knew long ago; but, as he also perceived, the …