The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques can be used to monitor and modulate the
excitability of intracortical neuronal circuits. Long periods of cortical stimulation can produce …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an established neurophysiological tool to
examine the integrity of the fast-conducting corticomotor pathways in a wide range of …

Objective For most patients, resolution of upper limb impairment during the first 6 months
poststroke is 70% of the maximum possible. We sought to identify candidate mechanisms of …

The past 20 years have represented an important period in the development of principles
underlying neuroplasticity, especially as they apply to recovery from neurological injury. It is …

These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical
and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures …

With increasing rates of survival throughout the past several years, stroke remains one of the
leading causes of adult disability. Following the onset of stroke, spontaneous mechanisms of …

Stroke has long been regarded as focal disease with circumscribed damage leading to
neurological deficits. However, advances in methods for assessing the human brain and in …

In the last decade, many studies confirmed the benefits of mental practice with motor
imagery. In this review we first aimed to compile data issued from fundamental and clinical …

Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and
pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better …