Background Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES) comprises a group of
approaches with indications expanding from orbital tumors to more complex skull base …

Background The term “orbital complication” does not designate an independent nosological
entity, but is rather a collective designation for diseases or disease effects that involve the …

Purpose: Tumors of the medial orbital apex can be challenging to resect. Primary endonasal
resection can be limited by requirements for fat retraction and poor angulation for lateral …

Purpose To evaluate clinically the efficacy of 360-degree minimally invasive endoscopic
surgery in patients with orbital intraconal tumors. Design Retrospective interventional case …

The treatment of pathologies located within and surrounding the orbit poses considerable
surgical challenges, due to the intricate presence of critical neurovascular structures in such …

Background Technological advancement in neurosurgery is a continuous process aimed at
improving existing devices and implementing innovative ones. Recently, artificial …

The orbit is a quadrilateral pyramid-shaped bony cavity that houses various delicate
structures, including the globe, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II to VI, and blood …

OBJECTIVE The objective was to demonstrate the surgical steps and outcomes of the
sublabial transmaxillary microsurgical approach with endoscopic assistance to treat lesions …

BACKGROUND: Recently, endoscopic approaches for orbital lesions have been proposed.
Their results seem promising; however, orbital surgery remains challenging with possible …

Background: Cavernous hemangioma, also known as cavernous vascular malformation
(CVM), is the most common primary lesion of the orbit in adults. The management of these …