Eastern Africa exhibits bimodal rainfall consisting of long rains (March–May) and short rains
(October–December), changes in which have profound socioeconomic and environmental …

Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Sea surface temperature (SST) variability of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) underpins
its global impact, and its future change is a long-standing science issue. In its sixth …

Basic monitoring of the marine environment is crucial for the early warning and assessment
of marine hydrometeorological conditions, climate change, and ecosystem disasters. In …

Five out of six La Niña events since 1998 have lasted two to three years. Why so many long-
lasting multiyear La Niña events have emerged recently and whether they will become more …

Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant and most consequential
climate variation on Earth, and is characterized by warming of equatorial Pacific sea surface …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …