The bottom-up assembly of biological and chemical components opens exciting
opportunities to engineer artificial vesicular systems for applications with previously unmet …

Novel and improved biocatalysts are increasingly sourced from libraries via experimental
screening. The success of such campaigns is crucially dependent on the number of …

Insertions and deletions (indels) enable evolution and cause disease. Due to technical
challenges, indels are left out of most mutational scans, limiting our understanding of them in …

Protein evolution or engineering studies are traditionally focused on amino acid
substitutions and the way these contribute to fitness. Meanwhile, the insertion and deletion …

Protein dynamics are often invoked in explanations of enzyme catalysis, but their design has
proven elusive. Here we track the role of dynamics in evolution, starting from the evolvable …

Directed evolution is one of the most powerful tools for protein engineering and functions by
harnessing natural evolution, but on a shorter timescale. It enables the rapid selection of …

How do proteins evolve? How do changes in sequence mediate changes in protein
structure, and in turn in function? This question has multiple angles, ranging from …

Over the years, protein engineers have studied nature and borrowed its tricks to accelerate
protein evolution in the test tube. While there have been considerable advances, our ability …

Multiplexed assays of variant effects (MAVEs) guide clinical variant interpretation and reveal
disease mechanisms. To date, MAVEs have focussed on a single mutation type—amino …

New enzyme functions often evolve through the recruitment and optimization of latent
promiscuous activities. How do mutations alter the molecular architecture of enzymes to …