Abstract Short-duration (1–3 h) rainfall extremes can cause serious damage to societies
through rapidly developing (flash) flooding and are determined by complex, multifaceted …

Idealized simulations of the tropical atmosphere have predicted that clouds can
spontaneously clump together in space, despite perfectly homogeneous settings. This …

Extreme events usually cause numerous economic and social losses, especially in
vulnerable countries, such as Brazil. Understanding whether the evolution of Earth System …

Traditional general circulation models, or GCMs—that is, three-dimensional dynamical
models with unresolved terms represented in equations with tunable parameters—have …

Forest mortality caused by convective storms (windthrow) is a major disturbance in the
Amazon. However, the linkage between windthrows at the surface and convective storms in …

Under climate change, increases in precipitation extremes are expected due to higher
atmospheric moisture. However, the total precipitation in an event also depends on the …

Diurnal rainfall offshore propagation (OP) shapes the timing and intensity of coastal rainfall
and thus impacts both nature and society. Previous OP studies have rarely compared …

The surface of the Great Lakes interacts with the atmosphere, influencing the weather and
climate over the Great Lakes Region (GLR). However, most climate models were not …

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are common over Europe and can produce severe
weather, including extreme precipitation that leads to flash floods. The few studies analyzing …

Larger organised convective storms (mesoscale-convective systems) can lead to major flood
events in Europe. Here we assess end-of-century changes to their characteristics in two …