Abstract Positive-sense RNA ((+) RNA) viruses such as hepatitis C virus exploit host cells by
subverting host proteins, remodelling subcellular membranes, co-opting and modulating …

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) encoded by the RNA viruses are a unique
class of nucleic acid polymerases. Each viral RdRP contains a 500–600 residue catalytic …

The prokaryotic translation elongation factors were identified as essential cofactors for RNA-
dependent RNA polymerase activity of the bacteriophage Qβ more than 40 years ago. A …

Many plus-strand (+) RNA viruses co-opt protein chaperones from the host cell to assist the
synthesis, localization and folding of abundant viral proteins, to regulate viral replication via …

Plus-strand (+) RNA viruses co-opt host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to perform many
functions during viral replication. A few host RBPs have been identified that affect the …

Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) bacteriophages (phages) were first isolated
six decades ago. Since then, extensive research has been conducted on these ssRNA …

EF‐Tu proteins of plastids, mitochondria, and the cytosolic counterpart EF‐1α in plants, as
well as EF‐Tu proteins of bacteria, are highly conserved and multifunctional. The functions …

In Arabidopsis thaliana, nuclear multisubunit RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) and RNA-
DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (RDR2) are required for the biogenesis of 24 …

The catalytic subunit of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) Nsp12 has a unique nidovirus RdRp-associated …

Viral RNA dependent polymerases (vRdPs) are present in all RNA viruses; unfortunately,
their sequence similarity is too low for phylogenetic studies. Nevertheless, vRdP protein …