Synthetic biology applies genetic tools to engineer living cells and organisms analogous to
the programming of machines. In materials synthetic biology, engineering principles from …

In recent years, powerful genetic code reprogramming methods have emerged that allow
new functional components to be embedded into proteins as noncanonical amino acid …

Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to
genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical …

Unusual amino acids are fundamental building blocks of modern medicinal chemistry. The
combination of readily functionalized amine and carboxyl groups attached to a chiral central …

The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive
crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Synthetic biology uses living cells as molecular foundries for the biosynthesis of drugs,
therapeutic proteins, and other commodities. However, the need for specialized equipment …

Metabolic engineering allows development of microbial strains efficiently producing
chemicals and materials, but it requires much time, effort, and cost to make the strains …

Directed evolution of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) enables site-specific
installation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins. Traditional evolution …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …