This paper proposes the design of combination opioid–adrenergic tethered compounds to
enhance efficacy and specificity, lower dosage, increase duration of activity, decrease side …

This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 …

Dexmedetomidine was initially approved for clinical use as a sedative. Its development in
pain management has been limited. Dexmedetomidine has analgesic effects and analgesic …

The adverse side effects of opioids, especially antinociceptive tolerance, limit their clinical
application. A recent study reported that platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) …

Pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis is still inadequate due to the low efficacy of the
drugs used. Dexmedetomidine via the intra-articular (ia) route might be an option for the …

Fentanyl (FEN) is a potent opioid analgesic used for pain management. Opioid analgesic
tolerance poses a significant challenge to the clinical utility of opioid agonists. Preventing …

Background Sustained morphine treatment for cancer pain has been limited due to
analgesic tolerance. Opioid receptor internalization and desensitization mediated by …

Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists may be useful for their potential to increase
or prolong opioid analgesia while attenuating the development of opioid tolerance. The aim …

Opioid receptor agonist drugs, such as morphine, are very effective for treating chronic and
severe pain; but, tolerance can develop with long-term use. Although there is a lot of …

Purpose Pain control during and after breast surgery is still a challenging task.
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is considered as a sedative agent that is widely used perineurally …