Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels) are widely expressed
throughout the central nervous system. These channels are activated solely by increases in …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest single intracellular organelle, which is present
in all types of nerve cells. The ER is an interconnected, internally continuous system of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of which the core motor
symptoms are attributable to the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia …

Dopaminergic midbrain (DA) neurons display two principal activity patterns in vivo, single-
spike and burst firing, the latter coding for reward-related events. We have shown recently …

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer the potential to study otherwise
inaccessible cell types. Critical to this is the directed differentiation of hiPSCs into functional …

In recent years, the population of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia
nigra (SN) has been examined at multiple levels. The results indicate that the projections …

Endocannabinoids form a novel class of retrograde messengers that modulate short-and
long-term synaptic plasticity. Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) and …

Midbrain dopamine neurons release dopamine from both axons and dendrites. The
mechanism underlying release at these different sites has been proposed to differ. This …

Changes in the intracellular concentration of calcium ions in neurons are involved in neurite
growth, development, and remodeling, regulation of neuronal excitability, increases and …

Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels link elevations of intracellular
calcium ions to membrane potential, exerting a hyperpolarizing influence when activated …