Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25-kDa protein that is secreted
mostly by immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Its production …

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1 is characterized as the development of acute kidney
injury (AKI) and dysfunction in the patient with acute cardiac illness, most commonly acute …

Although substantial improvements have been made in majority of cardiac disorders, heart
failure (HF) remains a major health problem, with both increasing incidence and prevalence …

The last decade has seen exciting advances in the field of biomarkers used in managing
patients with heart failure (HF). Biomarker research has broadened our knowledge base …

Pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) types 1-5 are still sparsely
characterized. In an attempt to address this issue, a consensus conference on CRS was …

The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) includes a broad spectrum of diseases within which
both the heart and kidneys are involved, acutely or chronically. According to a recent …

BACKGROUND Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS)—renal injury during heart failure (HF)—is
linked to high morbidity. Whether circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA …

Heart and kidney failure often co-exist and confer high morbidity and mortality. The complex
bi-directional nature of heart and kidney dysfunction is referred to as cardiorenal syndrome …

Background: Worsening renal function (WRF) often occurs during acute heart failure (AHF)
and can portend adverse outcomes; therefore, early identification may help mitigate risk …

Background AKI is common following liver transplantation and is associated with significant
morbidity and mortality. Biomarkers of AKI have not been well established in this setting but …