Ischemic tolerance describes the adaptive biological response of cells and organs that is
initiated by preconditioning (ie, exposure to stressor of mild severity) and the associated …

Stressor-induced tolerance is a central mechanism in the response of bacteria, plants, and
animals to potentially harmful environmental challenges. This response is characterized by …

Enhanced MCP-1 expression during ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by oxidative
stress and NF-κB. Background Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute …

Background and Purpose—The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is vulnerable to brain
ischemia and stress and exhibits a chronically stimulated brain angiotensin II system …

The blood–brain barrier minimizes the entry of molecules into brain tissue. This restriction
arises by the presence of tight junctions (zonulae occludens) between adjacent endothelial …

Brain cytokines, induced by various inflammatory challenges, have been linked to sickness
behaviors, including fatigue. However, the relationship between brain cytokines and fatigue …

Circulating and locally formed Angiotensin II regulates the cerebral circulation through
stimulation of AT 1 receptors located in cerebrovascular endothelial cells and in brain …

In this study, we compared endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-mediated cerebral
vasodilating responses in intact female rats, chronically ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and OVX …

It is now well accepted that inflammatory responses in brain contribute to the genesis and
evolution of damage in neurological diseases, trauma, and infection. Inflammatory mediators …

Background and Purpose—Stimulation of the nerves traversing the ethmoidal foramen
(including postsynaptic, parasympathetic projections from the sphenopalatine ganglion …