Botulinun neurotoxin (BoNT) has emerged as one of the most multipurpose therapeutic
agents in modern medicine with more clinical applications than any other drug currently on …

Abstract Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado–Joseph disease
(MJD), is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ATXN3 …

Objectives To determine the reliability and validity of the Modified Heckmatt scale in
assessing muscle echotexture in spasticity. Design Prospective, observational, 2-center …

Spastic muscles are weak muscles. It is known that muscle weakness is linked to poor motor
performance. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are considered as the first-line …

Movement disorders owing to spinal or cerebral dysfunction are common in adult and
pediatric patients. The first-line therapy for the treatment of these conditions often involves …

Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is an established treatment of spasticity due to stroke. For
multiple sclerosis (MS) spasticity this is not the case. IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group for …

Spasticity is one component of the upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome resulting from a
multitude of neurologic conditions, such as stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple …

Cerebral palsy (CP) is heterogeneous in etiology and manifestations, making research into
relevant therapies difficult and limiting the generalizability of the results. We report here on …

BACKGROUND Sedating antispastic medications and focal therapies like botulinum toxin
are the most common therapies for spasticity but are temporary and must be performed …

Botulinum toxin has been used in medicine for the past 30 years. However, there continues
to be controversy about the appropriate uses and dosing, especially in the pediatric …