Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

The immune-inflammatory response is associated with increased nitro-oxidative stress. The
aim of this mechanistic review is to examine:(a) the role of redox-sensitive transcription …

Repeated, episodic bouts of skeletal muscle contraction undertaken frequently as structured
exercise training are a potent stimulus for physiological adaptation in many organs …

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of the crucial enzymes in aerobic glycolysis, catalyzing
the last step of glycolysis, ie. the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Most cancer cells are …

The molecular features that define clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) initiation and
progression are being increasingly defined. The TRACERx Renal studies and others that …

Our knowledge of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) biology has advanced to the point where we
now can generate most cells of the human body in the laboratory. PSC-derived …

Tumor cells must generate sufficient ATP and biosynthetic precursors in order to maintain
cell proliferation requirements. Otto Warburg showed that tumor cells uptake high amounts …

Under conditions of hypoxia, most eukaryotic cells can shift their primary metabolic strategy
from predominantly mitochondrial respiration towards increased glycolysis to maintain ATP …

Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cells playing several and diverse
functions in homeostatic and immune responses. The broad spectrum of macrophage …

The inflammatory response involves the activation of several cell types to fight insults
caused by a plethora of agents, and to maintain the tissue homoeostasis. On the one hand …