Abstract Objectives To update previous Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidance by addressing inconsistencies and …

BACKGROUND: Most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses of RCTs
examine effect modification (also called a subgroup effect or interaction), in which the effect …

Balancing stroke prevention and risk of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is
challenging. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are by now considered standard of care for …

Introduction Methodological studies (ie, studies that evaluate the design, conduct, analysis
or reporting of other studies in health research) address various facets of health research …

Objectives This article describes considerations for addressing intransitivity when assessing
the certainty of the evidence from network meta-analysis (NMA) using the Grading of …

Purpose Social policies are important determinants of population health but may have
varying effects on subgroups of people. Evaluating heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) …

Researchers may review the methodological literature (perform a" methods review") for
different reasons: to inform the choice of methods when designing a study (eg, diagnostic …

Importance Subgroup analyses are often performed in oncology to investigate differential
treatment effects and may even constitute the basis for regulatory approvals. Current …

The identification and estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects in biomedical clinical
trials are challenging, because trials are typically planned to assess the treatment effect in …

Since the advent of the phrase “subgroup identification,” there has been an explosion of
methodologies that seek to identify meaningful subgroups of patients with exceptional …