Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48–72 hours or
thereafter following endotracheal intubation, characterized by the presence of a new or …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces instant activation of innate immunity in brain tissue,
followed by a systematization of the inflammatory response. The subsequent response …

Critically ill patients in intensive care units experience profound alterations of their gut
microbiota that have been linked to a high risk of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections …

Background Pandemic COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has a high
incidence of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Many of these patients …

Background Decreased monocytic (m) HLA-DR expression is the most studied biomarker of
sepsis-induced immunosuppression. To date, little is known about the relationship between …

Objective In acute pancreatitis (AP), bacterial translocation and subsequent infection of
pancreatic necrosis are the main risk factors for severe disease and late death …

Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide. After initial trials modulating the
hyperinflammatory phase of sepsis failed, generations of researchers have focused on …

Purpose Cellular immune dysfunctions, which are common in intensive care patients, predict
a number of significant complications. In order to effectively target treatments, clinically …

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many patients requiring
invasive mechanical ventilation were admitted to intensive care units (ICU) for COVID-19 …

In critically ill patients, lung and gut microbiomes undergo profound changes. Lung
microbiome might become enriched with gut-associated microbes as recently demonstrated …