Ischemic stroke is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions
of people across the globe. Cell injury in the infarct region is an inevitable consequence of …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and other forms
of ischemic brain injury. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory response is a …

Excessive inflammation is becoming accepted as a critical factor in many human diseases,
including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, infection …

Cerebral ischemia (stroke) triggers a complex series of biochemical and molecular
mechanisms that impairs the neurologic functions through breakdown of cellular integrity …

Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system
(CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically …

Neuroinflammatory mediators play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia,
exerting either deleterious effects on the progression of tissue damage or beneficial roles …

Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to a family of ligands
with an associated family of receptor proteins. The pleiotropic actions of TNF range from …

Background: The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is activated by various pro-
inflammatory and stressful stimuli. Mounting evidence suggests that the p38 MAPK signaling …

Abbreviations: Apaf, apoptosis protease activation factor; CAD, caspase-activated DNAse;
caspase, cysteine aspartate-directed protease; CAPK, ceramide-activated protein kinase; …