Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal
transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell …

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) develops on the mucosal epithelium of the oral
cavity. It accounts for approximately 90% of oral malignancies and impairs appearance …

Anticancer nanomedicines have been proven effective in mitigating the side effects of
chemotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges remain in augmenting their therapeutic …

Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies
and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents …

The demise of cells in various ways enables the body to clear unwanted cells. Studies over
the years revealed distinctive molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of …

Tumors undergo metabolic transformations to sustain uncontrolled proliferation, avoid cell
death, and seed in secondary organs. An increased focus on cancer lipid metabolism has …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has a paradoxical role in cancer
progression, and it acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages but a tumor promoter in …

Immune evasion and altered metabolism, where glucose utilization is diverted to increased
lactic acid production, are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer. Although lactic acid has …

The emergence of immunotherapy has been an astounding breakthrough in cancer
treatments. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4, have …