BACKGROUND Initially identified for their capability to induce heterotopic bone formation,
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors that belong to the …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors that belong to the
transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. The roles of BMPs in embryonic …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by
episodically exuberant heterotopic ossification (HO), whereby skeletal muscle is abnormally …

Smad transcription factors lie at the core of one of the most versatile cytokine signaling
pathways in metazoan biology—the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway. Recent …

The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway occupies a central position in the signaling
networks that control the growth, differentiation, and final fate of metazoan cells. Over the …

Small molecule inhibitors have proven extremely useful for investigating signal transduction
pathways and have the potential for development into therapeutics for inhibiting signal …

The TGF-β family comprises many structurally related differentiation factors that act through
a heteromeric receptor complex at the cell surface and an intracellular signal transducing …

Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate
signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand–receptor interactions …

Hepcidin is a key regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin deficiency induces iron
overload, whereas hepcidin excess induces anemia. Mutations in the gene encoding …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a congenital disorder of progressive and
widespread postnatal ossification of soft tissues,,, and is without known effective treatments …