Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality
amongst civilians and military personnel globally. Despite advances in our knowledge of the …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an impact, penetration or rapid movement of the
brain within the skull that results in altered mental state. TBI occurs more than any other …

Astrocytes are glial cells that are distributed throughout the central nervous system in an
arrangement optimal for chemical and physical interaction with neuronal synapses and …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in significant disability due to cognitive deficits
particularly in attention, learning and memory, and higher-order executive functions. The …

Autophagy is a highly controlled lysosome-mediated function in eukaryotic cells to eliminate
damaged or aged long-lived proteins and organelles. It is required for restoring cellular …

Neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by both the primary
injury and a secondary cascade of biochemical and metabolic events. Since TBI can be …

Cell death and dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a primary phase,
related to direct mechanical disruption of the brain, and a secondary phase which consists of …

Approximately 1.7 million people in the United States annually experience a traumatic brain
injury (TBI). 1 The number of unreported head injuries is much higher. Sports-related head …

Despite decades of basic and clinical research, treatments to improve outcomes after
traumatic brain injury (TBI) are limited. However, based on the recent recognition of the …

Cerebral inflammatory responses may initiate secondary cascades following traumatic brain
injury (TBI). Changes in the expression of both cytokines and chemokines may activate …