Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of vision loss in patients with
diabetic retinopathy with an increasing prevalence tied to the global epidemic in type 2 …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of preventable blindness, has been
considered a microcirculatory disease of the retina. However, there is emerging evidence to …

Müller glial cells span the entire thickness of the tissue, and ensheath all retinal neurons, in
vertebrate retinae of all species. This morphological relationship is reflected by a multitude …

Müller cells are active players in normal retinal function and in virtually all forms of retinal
injury and disease. Reactive Müller cells protect the tissue from further damage and …

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of growth factors controls pathological
angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability in important eye diseases such as …

Diabetic macular edema is a major cause of visual impairment. The pathogenesis of
macular edema appears to be multifactorial. Laser photocoagulation is the standard of care …

Virtually all pathogenic stimuli activate Müller cells. Reactive Müller cells exert protective
and toxic effects on photoreceptors and neurons. They contribute to oxidative stress and …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a vital societal problem as epidemiological studies
demonstrate the increasing incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Lesions observed in the …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of
legal blindness in working-age adults. The clinical hallmarks of DR include increased …

This article discusses retinal oxygenation and retinal metabolism by focusing on
measurements made with two of the principal methods used to study O 2 in the retina …