HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is an important complication of the central nervous system
in patients who are infected with HIV-1. Although the incidence of HAD has markedly …

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) can induce dementia with alarming
occurrence worldwide. The mechanism remains poorly understood, but discovery in brain of …

Astrocytes actively participate in synaptic integration by releasing transmitter (glutamate) via
a calcium-regulated, exocytosis-like process. Here we show that this process follows …

Glutaminase 1 is the main enzyme responsible for glutamate production in mammalian cells.
The roles of macrophage and microglia glutaminases in brain injury, infection, and …

Activation of microglia and expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the
CNS have become almost synonymous with neuroinflammation. In numerous studies …

A growing body of epidemiologic and experimental data point to chronic bacterial and viral
infections as possible risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's …

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with numerous effects on
the nervous system, including pain and peripheral neuropathies. We now demonstrate that …

Chemokines are a family of proteins associated with the trafficking of leukocytes in
physiological immune surveillance and inflammatory cell recruitment in host defence. They …

Chemokines–chemotactic cytokines–are small secreted proteins that attract and activate
immune and non-immune cells in vitro and in vivo. It has been suggested that chemokines …

Chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) have been traditionally defined as small (10–14kDa)
secreted leukocyte chemoattractants. However, chemokines and their cognate receptors are …