Male genitalia show patterns of divergent evolution, and sexual selection is recognised as
being responsible for this taxonomically widespread phenomenon. Much of the empirical …

Genital coevolution between the sexes is expected to be common because of the direct
interaction between male and female genitalia during copulation. Here we review the …

Background Following recent advances in bioimaging, high-resolution 3D models of
biological structures are now generated rapidly and at low-cost. To use this data to address …

Background Diversity in penile morphology is characterised by extraordinary variation in the
size and shape of the baculum (penis bone) found in many mammals. Although functionally …

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to cope with rapid environmental change. Yet exactly
when during ontogeny plastic responses are elicited, whether plastic responses produced in …

Male intromittent organs are exceedingly diverse, yet we know comparatively little about
female genital diversity. However, the most direct mechanical interaction between males …

Highlights•The role of plasticity in evolutionary diversification remains controversial.•
Onthophagus taurus populations have diverged heritably in diverse traits.•We exposed a …

Developmental processes transduce diverse influences during phenotype formation,
thereby biasing and structuring amount and type of phenotypic variation available for …

Many dung beetle communities are characterized by species that share very similar
morphological, ecological, and behavioral traits and requirements yet appear to be stably …

Genital structures are among the most variable in nature and have been suggested to
evolve at exceptionally high rates. However, the vast majority of research on genital …