Abstract Development of the forebrain critically depends on the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)
signaling pathway, as illustrated in humans by the frequent perturbation of this pathway in …

Primary cilia are immotile appendages that have evolved to receive and interpret a variety of
different extracellular cues. Cilia play crucial roles in intercellular communication during …

Astrocyte diversity is greatly influenced by local environmental modulation. Here we report
that the majority of astrocytes across the mouse brain possess a singular primary cilium …

Cortical projection neurons polarize and form an axon while migrating radially. Even though
these dynamic processes are closely interwoven, they are regulated separately—the …

Most lncRNAs display species-specific expression patterns suggesting that animal models
of cancer may only incompletely recapitulate the regulatory crosstalk between lncRNAs and …

Background Tumor angiogenesis is essential for solid tumor progression, invasion and
metastasis. The aim of this study was to identify potential signaling pathways involved in …

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) refer to a heterogeneous population of cells
with the capacity for self-renewal. BMSCs have multi-directional differentiation potential and …

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are bipolar neurons, unusual because they turn over
continuously and have a multiciliated dendrite. The extensive changes in gene expression …

Primary cilium, first described in the 19th century in different cell types and organisms by
Alexander Ecker, Albert Kolliker, Aleksandr Kowalevsky, Paul Langerhans, and Karl …

The mechanisms of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling are linked to the biology of the primary
cilium, an antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most vertebrate cell types …