Climate change, global warming, fossil fuel depletion and rising fuel prices have created
great incentives to seek alternative fuel production technologies. CO 2 transformation to …

The production of biofuels from renewable sources is a major challenge in research.
Methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether (DME), synthetic natural gas (SNG), and hydrogen can be …

Catalytic conversion of CO2 to chemicals and fuels is a “two birds, one stone” approach
toward solving the climate change problem and energy demand–supply deficit in the …

1. INTRODUCTION Heterogeneous catalysis, whereby a gas-or liquid-phase reaction is
performed over a solid catalyst, is at the heart of the modern energy and chemical industries …

Starting with coal, followed by petroleum oil and natural gas, the utilization of fossil fuels has
allowed the fast and unprecedented development of human society. However, the burning of …

Owing to the increasing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), human life and the ecological
environment have been affected by global warming and climate changes. To mitigate the …

Catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol is an attractive option to reduce
concentration of greenhouse gas and generation of renewable energy. Moreover, depletion …

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a well-known propellant and coolant, an alternative clean fuel for
diesel engines which simultaneously is capable of achieving high performance and low …

Methanol, or methyl alcohol, is the simplest alcohol, appearing as a colorless liquid with a
distinctive smell. Nowadays, it is considered one of the most useful chemical compounds. In …

In the current era of energy crises, alternative feedstock such as methanol are commonly
used as fuels and solvents in various industries. Methanol is commonly produced from non …