Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess
both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic …

Filariae are parasitic roundworms, which can cause debilitating diseases such as lymphatic
filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, and …

The α-proteobacterium Wolbachia is probably the most prevalent, vertically transmitted
symbiont on Earth. In contrast with its wide distribution in arthropods, Wolbachia is restricted …

Background microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short, non-coding RNA can be found in a
highly stable, cell-free form in mammalian body fluids. Specific miRNAs are secreted by …

Most individual fish in farmed and wild populations are infected with parasites. Upon
dissection of fish, helminths from gut are often easily visible. Enteric helminths include …

Helminths are parasitic organisms that can be broadly described as “worms” due to their
elongated body plan, but which otherwise differ in shape, development, migratory routes …

River blindness is a seriously debilitating disease caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca
volvulus, which infects millions in Africa as well as in South and Central America. Research …

Eosinophils and neutrophils contribute to larval killing during the primary immune response,
and neutrophils are effector cells in the secondary response to Strongyloides stercoralis in …

Symbiotic associations between eukaryotes and microorganisms are frequently observed in
nature, and range along the continuum between parasitism and mutualism. The genus …

Onchocerca ochengi, a filarial parasite of cattle, represents the closest relative of the human
pathogen, Onchocerca volvulus. Both species harbour Wolbachia endosymbionts and are …