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The early immune response to HIV-1 infection is likely to be an important factor in
determining the clinical course of disease. Recent data indicate that the HIV-1 quasispecies …

Many SARS-CoV-2 variants with naturally acquired mutations have emerged. These
mutations can affect viral properties such as infectivity and immune resistance. Although the …

The sequence of microbial genomes made all potential antigens of each pathogen available
for vaccine development. This increased by orders of magnitude potential vaccine targets in …

Many organisms that cause infectious diseases, particularly RNA viruses, mutate so rapidly
that their evolutionary and ecological behaviours are inextricably linked. Consequently …

Identification of the transmitted/founder virus makes possible, for the first time, a genome-
wide analysis of host immune responses against the infecting HIV-1 proteome. A complete …

HIV-1 infection typically results from the transmission of a single viral variant, the
transmitted/founder (T/F) virus. Studies of these HIV-1 variants provide critical information …

Selection of T-cell vaccine antigens for chronic persistent viral infections has been largely
empirical. To define the relationship, at the population level, between the specificity of the …

Chronic viral infections can appear in two very different forms: those that are typically
immunologically contained after acute symptomatic infection, such as Epstein-Barr virus …

The genetic factors associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections are likely to
involve a sophisticated array of immune response. These genetic elements may modulate …