Epidemiological sex differences in anxiety disorders and major depression are well
characterized. Yet the circuits and mechanisms that contribute to these differences are …

For over half a century, male rodents have been the default model organism in preclinical
neuroscience research, a convention that has likely contributed to higher rates of …

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Increased prevalence, severity, and burden of anxiety, trauma-related and stress-related
disorders in women compared with men has been well documented. Evidence from a variety …

Sex differences are reported in hippocampal plasticity, cognition, and in a number of
disorders that target the integrity of the hippocampus. For example, meta-analyses reveal …

Long overlooked in neuroscience research, sex and gender are increasingly included as
key variables potentially impacting all levels of neurobehavioral analysis. Still, many …

Stress is a precipitating factor for anxiety-related disorders, which are among the leading
forms of psychiatric illness and impairment in the modern world. Rodent-based behavioral …

Recent meta-analyses have demonstrated that data from female rodents, tested without
regard for estrous stage, is no more variable than male data across a range of traits …

Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show
biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which …