Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a vexing and undertreated ocular component
of Graves disease in which orbital tissues undergo extensive remodelling. My colleagues …

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the most frequent and invalidating extrathyroidal expression of
Graves' disease. Its incidence and prevalence are, however, low. About three quarters of …

Context: In Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), inflammation with tissue expansion in a closed
compartment like the bony orbit and smoking may cause tissue hypoxia. Objectives: In this …

Background: The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) is the target for autoimmune thyroid
stimulating antibodies (TSAb) triggering hyperthyroidism. Whereas elevated thyroid …

Background Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is a frequent extrathyroidal complication of
Graves' hyperthyroidism. Orbital fibroblasts contribute to both orbital tissue inflammation and …

Purpose: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune orbital disorder associated with
Graves' disease caused by thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies. Orbital fibroblasts (OFs) and …

Purpose: In Graves' orbitopathy (GO), inflammation and expansion of the retrobulbar tissue
are the result of a pathophysiologic process in which orbital fibroblasts (GO-Fs) are …

Context Graves' orbitopathy (GO) causes infiltrative exophthalmos by inducing excessive
proliferation, adipogenesis, and glycosaminoglycan production in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) …

Background: In Graves' orbitopathy (GO), increased proliferation, excess adipogenesis, and
hyaluronan overproduction produce GO exophthalmos. Enophthalmos occurs in some …

Purpose. To evaluate the relationship between the expression of orbital tissue mRNA for
FOXP3, CTLA‐4/CD28/CD80/CD86, and CD40/CD40 and the severity of Graves' …