Microtubules act as “railways” for motor-driven intracellular transport, interact with accessory
proteins to assemble into larger structures such as the mitotic spindle, and provide an …

Spermatozoa contain highly specialized structural features reflecting unique functions
required for fertilization. Among them, the flagellum is a sperm-specific organelle required to …

Motile cilia and flagella beat rhythmically on the surface of cells to power the flow of fluid and
to enable spermatozoa and unicellular eukaryotes to swim. In humans, defective ciliary …

INTRODUCTION Microtubules are key components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Although
they are involved in a wide variety of functions, microtubules are structurally highly similar …

Sperm malformation is a direct factor for male infertility. Multiple morphological abnormalities
of the flagella (MMAF), a severe form of asthenoteratozoospermia, are characterized by …

Dyneins make up a family of AAA+ motors that move toward the minus end of microtubules.
Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for transporting intracellular cargos in interphase cells …

Motile cilia and sperm flagella share an evolutionarily conserved axonemal structure. Their
structural and/or functional defects are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a …

Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles whose assembly requires a motile
process, known as intraflagellar transport (IFT), to bring tubulin and other components to the …

Thousands of outer-arm dyneins (OADs) are arrayed in the axoneme to drive a rhythmic
ciliary beat. Coordination among multiple OADs is essential for generating mechanical …

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the elongation and maintenance of eukaryotic
cilia and flagella. Due to the traffic jam of multiple trains at the ciliary tip, how IFT trains are …