This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of addiction. During the last
several decades, this clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using classic …

Emotion regulation is hypothesized to be a multifaceted process by which individuals
willfully modulate the intensity and direction of emotional response via prefrontally mediated …

It has long been hypothesized that conditioning mechanisms play major roles in addiction.
Specifically, the associations between rewarding properties of drugs of abuse and the drug …

Drug addiction is increasingly viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial
drug use—when a drug is voluntarily taken because it has reinforcing, often hedonic, effects …

The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in the processing and execution of motivated
behaviors. Yet this brain region is often overlooked in published discussions of the …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In
abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self …

It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced drug craving in cocaine addicts progressively
increases over the first several weeks of abstinence and remains high for extended periods …

Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse enhances the motor-stimulant response to these
drugs, a phenomenon termed behavioral sensitization. Animals that are extinguished from …

Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …