Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The current generation of climate models does not properly resolve oceanic mesoscale
processes in tropical oceans, such as tropical instability waves. The associated deficit in …

We analyse the ability of CMIP3 and CMIP5 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation
models (CGCMs) to simulate the tropical Pacific mean state and El Niño-Southern …

We present a new framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2
of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the surface dataset …

We present the global general circulation model IPSL-CM5 developed to study the long-term
response of the climate system to natural and anthropogenic forcings as part of the 5th …

The ENSO observing system in the tropical Pacific plays an important role in monitoring
ENSO and helping improve the understanding and prediction of ENSO. Occurrence of …

Abstract The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is Earth's dominant source of interannual
climate variability, but its response to global warming remains highly uncertain. To improve …

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest mode of interannual climate variability
in the current climate, influencing ecosystems, agriculture, and weather systems across the …