Exploring the interactions between the immune system and nanomaterials (NMs) is critical
for designing effective and safe NMs, but large knowledge gaps remain to be filled prior to …

Nanomaterials are highly susceptible to endotoxin contamination due their large surface‐to‐
volume ratios and endotoxins propensity to associate readily to hydrophobic and cationic …

This study was designed to explore the improvement of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on
constipation through regulation of gut microbiota. Here, we proved that COS treatment …

Nanoparticles (NPs) assumed an important role in the area of drug delivery. Despite the
number of studies including NPs are growing over the last years, their side effects on the …

After regular chemotherapy, the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in
almost all kinds of cancers is significantly increased, leading to reduced efficacy of T cell …

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary sarcoma of bone. The use of
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) as a drug carrier is an emerging new strategy for cancer …

Chitin derivatives (CDs), including chitosan (CS), chitooligosaccharides (COS), and
glucosamine (GlcN), were administrated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative …

When organic polymer-based drug nanocarriers become concentrated in macrophages,
their influence on macrophage polarization has been rarely reported. This study prepared …

Polysaccharides such as β-2, 1-linked fructans including inulin or fructose oligosaccharides
are well-known prebiotics with recognised immunomodulatory properties. In recent years …

Abstract Levan, a β-2, 6 fructofuranose polymer produced by microbial species, has been
reported for its immunomodulatory properties via interaction with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) …