Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep
roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use …

With increasing urbanization the importance of cities for biodiversity conservation grows.
This paper reviews the ways in which biodiversity is affected by urbanization and discusses …

How does nature work in our human-created city, suburb, and exurb/peri-urb? Indeed how is
ecology-including its urban water, soil, air, plant, and animal foundations-spatially entwined …

In the face of accelerating urbanization, urban ecology is an important multidisciplinary
science for developing future cities, with roots in many fields of research. In light of the …

When measured by extent and intensity, urbanization is one of the most homogenizing of all
major human activities. Cities homogenize the physical environment because they are built …

Many studies have described the effects of urbanization on species richness. These studies
indicate that urbanization can increase or decrease species richness, depending on several …

▪ Abstract Ecological studies of terrestrial urban systems have been approached along
several kinds of contrasts: ecology in as opposed to ecology of cities; biogeochemical …

Urban ecological systems are characterized by complex interactions among social,
economic, institutional, and environmental variables. These interactions generate complex …

Urbanization is arguably the most dramatic form of land transformation that profoundly
influences biological diversity and human life. Quantifying landscape pattern and its change …

The term “indicator” is frequently used at the interface between science and policy. Although
there is a great demand for clear definitions of technical terms in science and policy, the …