The observation that heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is associated with elevated
circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines opened a new area of research that has …

Heart failure exhibits remarkable pathophysiologic heterogeneity. A large body of evidence
suggests that regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure is associated with induction …

Heart Failure Society (JHFS). The working committee for this project includes members and
collaborators involved in the previous versions of the heart failure guidelines and members …

Most older individuals develop inflammageing, a condition characterized by elevated levels
of blood inflammatory markers that carries high susceptibility to chronic morbidity, disability …

Obesity is a growing health problem worldwide. It is associated with an increased
cardiovascular risk on the one hand of obesity itself and on the other hand of associated …

Cardiac injury remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite
significant advances, a full understanding of why the heart fails to fully recover function after …

As the essential regulators of organ fibrosis, macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and
functional changes after organ injury. These changes in macrophage phenotype and …

Despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs) and expansion of available therapies, the global burden of CVD …

Oxygen is essentially required by most eukaryotic organisms as a scavenger to remove
harmful electron and hydrogen ions or as a critical substrate to ensure the proper execution …

The smooth muscle cell directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence
regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen. We review here the current understanding of …