We review in detail a number of approaches that have been adopted to try and explain the
remarkable observation of our accelerating universe. In particular we discuss the arguments …

We review the effect of the formation of nonlinear structures on the expansion rate, spatial
curvature, and light propagation in the universe, focusing on the possibility that this effect …

Dark energy, the mysterious cause of the accelerating expansion of the universe, is one of
the most important fields of research in astrophysics and cosmology today. Introducing the …

This book is unique in the detailed, self-contained, and comprehensive treatment that it
gives to the ideas and formulas that are used and tested in modern cosmological research. It …

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The universe is smooth on large scales but very inhomogeneous on small scales. Why is the
spacetime on large scales modeled to a good approximation by the Friedmann equations …

I review the problem of dark energy focussing on cosmological constant as the candidate
and discuss what it tells us regarding the nature of gravity. Section 1 briefly overviews the …

The effective evolution of an inhomogeneous universe model in any theory of gravitation
may be described in terms of spatially averaged variables. In Einstein's theory, restricting …

We describe the astrophysical and numerical basis of N-body simulations, both of collisional
stellar systems (dense star clusters and galactic centres) and collisionless stellar dynamics …

Abstract Structure occurs over a vast range of scales in the Universe. Our large-scale
cosmological models are coarse-grained representations of what exists, which have much …