During the past 25 years, botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has become the most widely used
medical intervention in children with cerebral palsy. In this review we consider the gaps in …

Spasticity is considered an important neural contributor to muscle hypertonia in children with
cerebral palsy (CP). It is most often treated with antispasticity medication, such as Botulinum …

Background Measurement of spasticity is a difficult and unresolved problem, partly due to its
complexity and the fact that there are many factors involved. In the assessment of spasticity …

Objective: To evaluate published evidence of efficacy and safety of pharmacologic
treatments for childhood spasticity due to cerebral palsy. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel …

A delayed consequence of a lesion affecting the upper motor neuron pathways is the
appearance of some forms of motor overactivity, including spasticity. Many of these are …

The measurement of spasticity is part of the neurological examination of patients with
disorders of the central nervous system. Recently, the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale …

Primary objective: To determine the extent to which the Brunnstrom recovery stages of upper
limb in hemiparetic stroke patients are correlated to neurophysiological measures and the …

Background and purpose To support clinical decision‐making in central neurological
disorders, a physical examination is used to assess responses to passive muscle stretch …

The Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS) is a clinical instrument for measuring
spasticity. Few studies have been performed on the reliability of the MMAS. The aim of the …

Background and objectives: Treatment of spasticity poses a major challenge given the
complex clinical presentation and variable efficacy and safety profiles of available drugs. We …