Sea anemones are predatory marine invertebrates and have diverse venom arsenals.
Venom is integral to their biology, and is used in competition, defense, and feeding. Three …

This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding toxins from anthozoans (sea
anemones, coral, zoanthids, corallimorphs, sea pens and tube anemones). We provide an …

Venom is a complex trait with substantial inter-and intraspecific variability resulting from
strong selective pressures acting on the expression of many toxic proteins. However …

The ability of an animal to effectively capture prey and defend against predators is pivotal for
survival. Venom is often a mixture of many components including toxin proteins that shape …

Gene duplication is a major force driving evolutionary innovation. A classic example is
generating new animal toxins via duplication of physiological protein-encoding genes and …

Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish) produce toxins that play central roles in key
ecological processes, including predation, defense, and competition, being the oldest extant …

Phylum Cnidaria is an ancient venomous group defined by the presence of cnidae,
specialised organelles that serve as venom delivery systems. The distribution of cnidae …

Climate change induced heat stress has increased coral bleaching events worldwide.
Differentially regulated immune genes are one of the primary responses to heat stress …

Parental effects can prepare offspring for different environments and facilitate survival across
generations. We exposed parental populations of the estuarine anemone, Nematostella …

Circadian clocks infer time of day by integrating information from cyclic environmental factors
called zeitgebers, including light and temperature. Single zeitgebers entrain circadian …