More than half of the initially-formed neurons are deleted in certain brain regions during
normal development. This process, whereby cells are discretely removed without interfering …

Emerging evidence shows that redox‐sensitive signal transduction pathways are critical for
developmental processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. As a …

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are immortal and present the ability to self-renew while retaining
their ability to differentiate. In contrast, most primary cells possess a limited proliferative …

Abstract MHC class I (MHC I) antigen presentation of exogenous antigens (so called “cross
presentation”) is a central mechanism of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role not only in the physiological signal
transduction but also in the pathogenesis of several human diseases such as …

Significance: The geological record shows that as atmospheric O2 levels increased, it
concomitantly coincided with the evolution of metazoans. More complex, higher organisms …

Retinoic acid (RA), the biologically active derivative of vitamin A, induces a variety of
embryonal carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines to differentiate into neurons. The …

The existence of cancer stem cells has impelled the pursuit to understanding and
characterizing this subset of cells, which are thought to be responsible for tumor recurrence …

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is an essential process during the morphogenesis of a
large number of structures. Evidence obtained over the past few years indicates that, in …

Benzo [a] pyrene (B [a] P) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by the incomplete
combustion of organic matter. Environmental B [a] P contamination poses a serious health …