Neurons are generally considered to communicate information by increasing or decreasing
their firing rate. However, in principle, they could in addition convey messages by using …

The cerebellum regulates complex movements and is also implicated in cognitive tasks, and
cerebellar dysfunction is consequently associated not only with movement disorders, but …

The light microscope is traditionally an instrument of substantial size and expense. Its
miniaturized integration would enable many new applications based on mass-producible …

There is increasing evidence for a cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing, but the
specific input pathways conveying this information remain unclear. We probed the role of …

Fluorescent calcium indicator proteins, such as GCaMP3, allow imaging of activity in
genetically defined neuronal populations. GCaMP3 can be expressed using various gene …

An unusual feature of the cerebellar cortex is that its output neurons, Purkinje cells, release
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). Their high intrinsic firing rates (50 Hz) and extensive …

The prevailing model of cerebellar learning states that climbing fibers (CFs) are both driven
by, and serve to correct, erroneous motor output. However, this model is grounded largely in …

In motor neuroscience, state changes are hypothesized to time-lock neural assemblies
coordinating complex movements, but evidence for this remains slender. We tested whether …

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders and the prototypical
disorder for abnormal rhythmic movements. However, the pathophysiology of tremor …

A major goal of the BRAIN Initiative is the development of technologies to monitor neuronal
network activity during active information processing. Toward this goal, genetically encoded …